National Science Education Standards:

"Land forms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces. Constructive forces include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption, and deposition of sediment, while destructive forces include weathering and erosion."

1. What does this standard mean?
  • Constructive volcanic forces provide positive results to Earth due to volcanic activity.
  • Destructive volcanic forces provide negative results to Earth due to volcanic activity.
  • It is a combination of all kinds of forces that create landforms.
  • Some of the landforms we see today were created by volcanic eruptions.

2. What prior knowledge do students need to understand the standard?
  • Plate tectonics, how earth's lithospheric plates move due to convection in the mantle.

3. What misconceptions might students have around the topics contained in the standard?
  • Constructive and Destructive forces can be good for Earth but bad for humans, and vice versa.

"Internal and External processes of the earth system cause natural hazards, events that change or destroy human and wildlife habitats, damage property, and harm or kill humans."

1. What does this standard mean?
  • Volcanic Eruptions are dangerous.
  • Volcanic Eruptions harm and kill humans, damage property, and destroy habitats.
  • Volcanoes have internal and external processes.

2. What prior knowledge do students need to understand the standard?
  • Volcanoes can create ash flows, mud flows, earthquakes, lava flows, and can be explosive.

3. What misconceptions might students have around the topics contained in the standard?
  • That what is dangerous to humans is bad for Earth.
  • That volcanoes are only dangerous to humans.